Part of an educational set for exploring wood structure for timber grading. This is a simplfied model showing growth rings, sapwood and heartwood, and knots on the outside surface. The log is shown with transparency to reveal how the knots intersect with the surfaces of the sawn timber.
Depending on the direction the wood is cut: appearance of the grain; knots; distribution of sapwood and heartwood; and wane.
https://blogs.napier.ac.uk/cwst/3dwood/